Real-time evaluations (RTEs) are formative, utilization-focused evaluations that provide immediate feedback. Within the humanitarian system, RTEs are an innovation for improved learning and accountability today. In fl uid and fast-changing environments they bridge the gap between conventional monitoring and evaluation, and infl uence policy and operational decision-making in a timely fashion. RTEs identify and propose solutions to operational and organizational problems in the midst of major humanitarian responses. Th e article (a) defi nes RTEs and situates them in the wider evaluation landscape; (b) examines RTEs’ use and users; (c) focuses on current methodological approaches; (d) looks into challenges, opportunities, and limitations that condition uptake; and (e) draws lessons and recommendations.