The Sphere Project was launched in 1997 by a group of humanitarian NGOs and the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement. The Sphere handbook is a key tool developed by the project through a robust and widespread process of engagement among practitioners in each sector. However, many of the indicators attached to the standards are based on perceptions of best current practice rather than on research. This 2011 revision of the handbook was not intended as a major overhaul; however, the revision process revealed that a number of issues needed particular attention and significant changes. Consequently, the humanitarian charter was completely rewritten, the common standards were significantly changed, and a stronger focus on protection was introduced. The four technical chapters are all to some extent restructured.
