Universal health coverage (UHC) is de ned as all people receiving quality health services that meet their needs without being exposed to nancial hardship in paying for the services. Given resource constraints, this does not entail all possible services, but a comprehensive range of key services that is well aligned with other social goals. UHC was rmly endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2005 and further supported in the World Health Report 2010. Since then, more than seventy countries have requested policy support and technical advice for UHC reform from the World Health Organization (WHO). In response, WHO developed a plan of action that included providing guidance on how countries can manage the central issues of fairness and equity that arise on the path to UHC. The WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage was set up to develop this guidance. This document is the Consultative Group’s nal report. The report addresses the key issues of fairness and equity by clarifying these issues and o ering recommendations for how countries can manage them. The report is relevant for a wide range of actors and particularly for governments in charge of overseeing and guiding the progress toward UHC.