The current crisis started in 2012 with the Seleka offensive and subsequent overthrow of President Bozize in March 2013. The situation in the following months has deteriorated, particularly since December 2013, to unprecedented levels. On 5 December violence triggered widespread killings and violence in the capital, Bangui, and several provinces around the country, mainly in Ouham and Ouham Pendé, leaving more then 1,000 people dead and more than 935,000 people displaced throughout the country. More than one out of five Central Africans sleep in safe shelters at night and return home during the day. The entire 4.6 million population of the Central African Republic has been affected in one way or the other by the breakdown of law and order, as well as by the collapse of community and basic infrastructure and the disruption of food and market systems. More than half of the population is in need of humanitarian assistance, including 604,000 in Bangui and 2 million people in other urban and rural areas. The security and humanitarian situation continues to deteriorate in the country, as the crisis has compounded underlying vulnerabilities. CAR has an extremely poor infrastructure and some of the worst indicators in Africa, with an average life-expectancy of 47 years and a ranking of 180 out of 187 countries on the Human Development Index. The resignation of President Djotodia and Prime Minister Tiangaze on 10 January 2014 resulted in more instability. On 11 December 2013, the Emergency Relief Coordinator formally activated an IASC system-wide Level 3 (L3) emergency to the response in CAR, including putting in place the protocol on empowered leadership and the InterAgency Rapid Response Mechanism. In line with the Transformative Agenda and the L3 protocols and to ensure the operation is on track, an operational peer review (OPR) needs to be undertaken within 90 days of the L3 declaration. The following terms of reference outline key aspects of the OPR.