This report summarizes case analyses, analyses of donor trends and discussions held in eight study group sessions of the Institute for International Cooperation of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The study group sessions took place from March 2006 to January 2007. The study aims to examine the current agenda in the international community for fragile states, as well as relevantpast aid experiences. The debate within the international community on fragile state situationsgrew out of criticism of the results-based aid policies of the 1990s which created problems of insufficient and volatile aid allocation to those countries with underdeveloped anti-poverty policies and governance. The debate seeks constructive engagement with and effective approach to those countries, where historically assistance has had very little effect.