In support of building a better understanding and knowledge base of the private sector’s engagement in and contribution to Australia’s humanitarian action policy and strategic and operational work, the Humanitarian Futures Programme (HFP), King’s College London, with support from the Australian Civil-Military Centre (ACMC) has undertaken an action research project – The Private Sector Challenge - intended to enhance the understanding of civil-military stakeholders of the contribution of the private sector in crisis situations, including its form, roles, and trajectories of engagement. This Final Report presents the outcome of this research.