This briefing paper analyses the relationship between smuggling, exploitation and trafficking in the context of mixed migration in the Middle East and Europe. Firstly, it outlines both the distinctions between and interrelatedness of these concepts, particularly in the context of crisis-driven displacement and migration. Secondly, it examines the impact of the conflict and displacement crises in Syria and Iraq on exploitation and trafficking in the Middle East region.
Thirdly, the paper analyses how exploitation and trafficking along mixed migration routes to Europe have evolved, particularly since 2015. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy and further research. It is the fourth briefing paper in a series of studies produced by the Mixed Migration Platform (MMP) examining specific issues pertinent to mixed migration to, from and within the Middle East.